commres-research-design

Research Design (commres-research-design)

CR is a quantitative journal and demanding about each design. The design must credibly connect the

hypotheses (commres-theory-building) to evidence and defeat the strongest rival explanation. This

skill is mode-aware — pick the section that matches your study and defend it on social-science terms.

When to trigger

• Specifying an experiment, panel survey, or content-analysis protocol
• A reviewer questioned causal claims, sampling, coding reliability, validity, or a confound
• Preparing a preregistration / pre-analysis plan (note it in the cover letter)
• Justifying why your design adjudicates the rival account from commres-literature-positioning

Experiments (lab / online / survey-embedded)

• Preregister design and primary analyses; report a-priori power / MDE; pre-specify subgroups.
• Stimulus sampling: treat messages as a sample, not a fixture — multiple exemplars per condition;

model message as a random factor so the feature effect is not one text's idiosyncrasy.

• Manipulation and attention checks; treatment realism; report and model attrition.
• Pre-specify the mediation/moderation test that operationalizes H2/H3; for causal mediation,

prefer manipulating the mediator or a measurement-of-mediation design with stated assumptions.

• Ethics/IRB and informed consent; debrief where deception is used.

Surveys / panels

• Sampling frame, mode, and generalization claims; weighting where appropriate.
• Validated multi-item measures; report reliability (alpha/omega) and, ideally, a CFA/measurement

model; guard against common-method variance (procedural and statistical remedies).

• For process claims, prefer panel (lagged) or experimental leverage — cross-sectional mediation

cannot license a temporal/causal story; say so plainly if you are cross-sectional.

Content analysis

• A documented codebook; trained coders; report intercoder reliability (Krippendorff's alpha

or equivalent) on an adequate subsample, and the unit of analysis.

• Justify text sampling (timeframe, sources); establish construct validity of categories, not just

reliability — reliable coding of the wrong construct is still wrong.

Computational / text-as-data (when hypothesis-testing)

• Validate automated measures against human-coded gold-standard samples; report agreement.
• Document model/version, hyperparameters, seeds; report stability; do not treat outputs as ground truth.

The adjudication test (CR-specific)

For the single strongest rival explanation, write one sentence: *"If the rival were true rather

than my hypothesis, the data would look like ___; instead they look like ___."* If you cannot, the

design does not yet identify the contribution.

Reviewer-pushback patterns and the CR-specific fix

| Reviewer objection | Why it lands at CR | Design-stage fix |

|--------------------|--------------------|------------------|

| "Single-message confound" | one stimulus cannot separate the message feature from the text | sample multiple messages per condition; model message as a random factor |

| "Measurement validity unclear" | a scale or coded category may not be the construct | report CFA / construct validity, not just reliability |

| "Common-method variance" | same-survey predictor and outcome inflate the path | procedural separation + a statistical CMV check |

| "Cross-sectional process claim" | mediation on one wave cannot license a causal story | move to an experiment/panel, or hedge the claim |

| "Effect without mechanism" | a main effect alone does not advance theory | measure and pre-specify the mediator/moderator before collection |

Worked micro-example: framing survey-experiment design (illustrative)

A study claims gain- vs. loss-framed vaccine messages change intention via **perceived

response-efficacy**, moderated by prior knowledge. A CR-defensible design: 2 (frame) × 3 (message

exemplars per frame) factorial so the frame effect is estimated across six texts — defeating the

single-message confound. Validated multi-item efficacy and intention scales (report alpha + a CFA),

target N sized to the registered MDE, preregister the moderated-mediation model (frame →

response-efficacy → intention, moderated by knowledge) with bootstrap CIs, plus an attention check.

The adjudication sentence: if "any health message moves intention" were true, the gain/loss contrast

would be null while overall intention rose; instead the contrast runs through efficacy and only for

low-knowledge audiences — advancing framing theory rather than re-documenting persuasion.

Execution bridge (StatsPAI / Stata MCP)

Estimate and audit the design, don't only describe it. Full map:

[execution-with-mcp](../../../shared-resources/empirical-methods/execution-with-mcp.md). Communication Research is experiment- and survey-heavy; emphasize randomization inference, mediation done right, and family-wise corrections.

• detect_design → recommend → fit with as_handle=true → audit_result.
• Observational causal claims: staggered DiD (callaway_santanna / sun_abraham +

bacon_decomposition + honest_did_from_result); IV (effective_f_test +

anderson_rubin_ci); RDD (rdrobust + mccrary_test).

• Experiments: randomization-based inference, romano_wolf for many-outcome

family-wise control, and mediate for mediation (not naive controlling-away).

• Sensitivity: oster_delta / sensemakr for observational claims.

Report the effect size in interpretable units; route the full battery to the

appendix/supplement. A run end-to-end (synthetic data, real returns) is in the

[JF execution walkthrough](../../../Journal-of-Finance-Skills/resources/worked-examples/02-execution-walkthrough.md).

Anti-patterns

• Causal language on a cross-sectional survey that only supports association
• Content analysis with no reported intercoder reliability or an unstated unit of analysis
• A single-message stimulus carrying a claim about a message feature
• Scales used with no reliability/validity evidence; ignoring common-method variance
• A design that cannot distinguish your hypothesis from the leading alternative

Output format

【Mode】experiment / survey-panel / content-analysis / computational
【Estimand or claim】what is being identified/tested
【Key assumption(s)】and how each is defended (incl. reliability/validity, CMV)
【Rival ruled out】the adjudication sentence
【Mediation/moderation】design supports the causal ordering? [Y/N]
【Robustness/sensitivity】planned checks
【Next】commres-data-analysis

Supplementary resources

• [../../resources/external_tools.md](../../resources/external_tools.md) — design, reliability, SEM, and text-as-data packages
• [../../resources/official-source-map.md](../../resources/official-source-map.md) — preregistration and APA reporting notes